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(Find the link in ‘coding’ on SLACK)
Topic 6.1 - Array Creation and Access (Sreeja)
Vocabulary
- Array: a data strucutre used to implement a collection of object referance data
- Element: a single value within an array
- Index of an element: position of an element in the array (In java, the first element of an array is at index 0)
- Length of an array: number of elements in the array
Declaring an Array
Defines the array variable, specifying its data type and name.
// Syntax: dataType[] arrayName;
int[] numbers; // Declare an integer array
String[] names; // Declare a string array
Creating an Array
Gives memory for the array and specifies its size.
// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements
Initializing an Array
Populates the array with initial values.
// Syntax: arrayName = new dataType[size];
numbers = new int[5]; // Create an integer array with 5 elements
names = new String[3]; // Create a string array with 3 elements
Accessing Array Elements
Retrieves a specific element’s value from the array using its index.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int element = numbers[2]; // Access the third element (30) using index 2
System.out.println(element); // Output: 30
Array Length
Obtains and displays the number of elements in the array.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int length = numbers.length; // Get the length of the array
System.out.println("Array length: " + length); // Output: Array length: 5
Modifying Array Elements
Updates the value of a specific element in the array.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
numbers[2] = 35; // Change the third element to 35
Iterating Through an Array
Loops through the array, printing each element.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
Enhanced For Loop (For-each)
Iterates through the array using a simplified loop structure, printing each element.
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for (int number : numbers) {
System.out.println(number);
}
Topic 6.2 - Traversing Array (1D) (Tanisha)
Using iteration statements (standard for loops and while loops) to access each element in an array.
Standard For Loop
- An array in java is indexed from _ to the number of elements - _.
Review on For Loops
- init: The init expression is used for initializing a variable, and it is executed only once.
- condition: It executes the condition statement for every iteration
- incr/decr: It is the increment or decrement statement applied to the variable, updates the initial expression.
import java.util.Random;
/* public class RandomArray {
public static void main(String[] args){
int [] list = new int[6];
Random rand = new Random();
*/
// FOR LOOP 1
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++){
list[i] = rand.nextInt(4);
}
// FOR LOOP 2
for(int element: list){
System.out.println(element);
}
/* }
}
RandomArray.main(null);
*/
Class Discussion-Take Notes, these will count for points in your hacks!
- What do the for loops accomplish? They iterate through each element in a list
- What is the difference between how elements of the array list are accessed? The difference between how elements of the array are accessed is that the int element:list has the element value equal to the element in the array
- BONUS: When the array list of ints was first created, what was each int in the list initialized to? Each int in the list is initialized to a certain value starting from 0.
For loop : Accessing Some Elements of a List
Class Discussion-Take Notes, these will count for points in your hacks!
-
If I only wanted to access the elements at even indices of the list (0, 2, 4), what could I change in the statement below to accomplish that?
-
What about odd?
// EVEN
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Even Index");
for(int index = 0; index < list.length; index++){
System.out.println(list[index]);
}
// ODD
int[] list = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println("Odd Index");
for(int index = 0; index < list.length; index++){
System.out.println(list[index]);
}
Note: These are NOT traversals, even though these are for loops. This is because not every element in the array is accessed.
Standard While Loop
- Does the following loop accomplish traversing the array?
int [] list = new int[5];
int index = 0;
while (index < list.length)
{
// Do something
index ++;
}
- This while loop and the for loop we used earlier accomplish the same task. The main difference is that after the loop is completed, the variable ‘index’ in the while loop will still exist. The variable ‘i’ in the for loop will not. Why?
the i variable is defined inside scope, but for loop won’t have i defined inside the scope.
Bounds Errors
When traversing an array, we need to be careful with the indices to avoid an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException being thrown.
ATTENTION: MOST COMMON MISTAKE:
- What is wrong with the for loop and while loop below? Why does this produce an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException error? the index must be equal to zero.
for(int i = 0; i <= list.length; i ++)
int index = 0;
while (index <= list.length)
Off by One Error : missing the first or last element of an array when trying to traverse
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
// This won't access the last element in the list
for(int i = 0; i <= list.length - 1; i ++)
// This won't access the first element in the list
int index = 1;
while (index <= list.length)
Developing Methods Using Arrays
Reviewing common methods asked on AP Exam FRQs
Average Value
Complete the popcorn hack below in order to return the average value of the elements in the list numbers.
public class ArrayAverage {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25};
int sum = 0;
double average;
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
average = (double) sum / numbers.length; /* missing code */
System.out.println("The average of the numbers is: " + average);
}
}
ArrayAverage.main(null);
The average of the numbers is: 15.0
6.3 Enhanced for loop for Arrays (Vivian)
- the enhanced for loop is also known as the “for each” loop
- provides a simplified way to loop through elements in an array, collection, or other iterable data structures.
//syntax for enhanced for loop
for (dataType element : array) {
// code to process 'element'
}
| for (dataType element : array) {
cannot find symbol
symbol: variable array
| for (dataType element : array) {
cannot find symbol
symbol: class dataType
- the data type in the loop must match the array’s element data type.
//array of int matches element int
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num);
}
1
2
3
4
5
Comparing a regular for loop with the enhanced for loop
Popcorn Hack: Rewrite this code to use an enhanced for loop instead. make comments explaining what you added/changed
import java.util.List;
class Quote {
private List<String> quotes;
private List<String> emotions;
public Quote(List<String> quotes, List<String> emotions) {
this.quotes = quotes;
this.emotions = emotions;
}
public void printQuotesWithEmotions() {
// Make a change in the code here!
int i = 0;
for (String quote : quotes) {
// Check if there is a corresponding emotion at the current index
if (i < emotions.size()) {
String emotion = emotions.get(i);
System.out.println("Quote: \"" + quote + "\"");
System.out.println("Emotion: " + emotion);
System.out.println("---------------------------");
}
i++;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> quotes = List.of(
"Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.",
"The only way to do great work is to love what you do.",
"The best way to predict the future is to create it."
);
List<String> emotions = List.of(
"Courageous",
"Passionate",
"Innovative"
);
Quote quotePrinter = new Quote(quotes, emotions);
quotePrinter.printQuotesWithEmotions();
}
}
Quote.main(null);
Quote: "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts."
Emotion: Courageous
---------------------------
Quote: "The only way to do great work is to love what you do."
Emotion: Passionate
---------------------------
Quote: "The best way to predict the future is to create it."
Emotion: Innovative
---------------------------
What are some of the benefits of using an enhanced for loop in this case versus a regular for loop?
Limitations to enhanced for loop
- it does not provide access to the index of the current element.
- This means you cannot easily determine the position of the element in the array or collection.
- But when you want to search for a specific element in a collection and you don’t necessarily need to access the index
- If you need to work with indices, you should use a traditional for loop instead.
- read-only access to elements.
- You cannot modify the elements within the loop
- Thus, when you need to modify a collection based on a condition. You should use a regular for loop
For the next two code blocks, decide whether or not its better to use a regular for loop or an enhanced one, explain why. write the code for them
- Searching for an Element in an ArrayList
ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
names.add("Alice");
names.add("Bob");
names.add("Charlie");
names.add("Vivian");
names.add("David");
String searchName = "Vivian";
//code goes here
for (String a:searchName) {
if (name.equals(searchName)) {
System.out.println("Found: " + name);
break; // Exit the loop after the first match
}
}
It would be better to use a enhanced for loop because you do not need the index.
- Removing Even Numbers from an ArrayList
ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();
//code goes here
for (int i = 0; i<numbers.length;i++) {
if (numbers[i] % 2 == 0) {
numbers.remove(i); // Remove even numbers
}
}
Normal, you need the index to be able to remove the number
6.4: Developing Algorithms Using Arrays (Isabelle)
How to identify the maximum or minimum value in an array
It is a common task to determine what the largest or smallest value stored is inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of primitve values (int or double) and return the item that is at the appropriate extreme.
Inside the method a local variable is needed to store the current max or min value that will be compared against all the values in the array. You can assign the current value to be either the opposite extreme or the first item you would be looking at.
You can use either a standard for loop or an enhanced for loop to determine the max or min. Assign the temporary variable a starting value based on what extreme you are searching for.
Inside the for loop, compare the current value against the local variable; if the current value is better, assign it to the temporary variable. When the loop is over, the local variable will contain the appropriate value and is still available and within scope and can be returned from the method.
Find max in an array of double values
private double findMax(double [] values) {
double max = values[0];
for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
if (values[index] > max) {
max = values[index];
}
}
return max;
}
Find min in an array of int values
private int findMin(int [] values) {
int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int currentValue: values) {
if (currentValue < min) {
min = currentValue;
}
}
return min;
}
Let’s Practice!
Popcorn hack #1
// What needs to be changed to find the index of the max value? (write correct code in cell below)
private int findMax(double [] values) {
int max = (int)values[0];
for (int index = 1; index < values.length; index++) {
if (values[index] > max){
max = (int)values[index];
}
}
return max;
}
How to calculate the average value from objects in an array
It is a common task to determine what is the average value returned from items stored inside an array. In order to do this, we need a method that can take a parameter of an array of Objects (DebugDuck) and calculate and return the average value that each instance of DebugDuck returns from the method.
Inside the method; a local double variable is needed to store the accumulated values. Then we use a for loop to traverse the array and add the current total to the variable. After accumulating all the values we need to divide the total by the number of items stored in the array.
Using a standard for loop
private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
double average = 0.0;
for (int index = 0; index < ducks.length; index++) {
average += ducks[index].getQuestionCount();
}
average = average / ducks.length;
return average;
}
Using a standard enhanced loop
private double calculateAverage(DebugDuck [] ducks) {
double average = 0.0;
for (DebugDuck currentDuck: ducks) {
average += currentDuck.getQuestionCount();
}
average = average / ducks.length;
return average;
}
Does the order of accumulation matter? By adding the question counts of the DebugDuck objects in the ducks array, the average is obtained in this code. Because you are summing up all the question counts before dividing by the total number of ducks in the array, the order in which they are accumulated is irrelevant. The outcome will be the same regardless of how the counts are added up. The final average is unaffected by the sequence of summation thanks to the commutative feature of addition. Can you declare the variable inside the loop? Although unnecessary in this instance, you can declare the average variable inside the loop if you like. Values are accumulated before the loop and after the average is displayed in the code. The standard will be a local variable inside the loop block and inaccessible outside if you define it inside the loop.
Shfiting Array contents to the right
The contents of an array often need to be shifted as part of a solution to using the data inside.
We need to know how much to shift the array by. This will need to be an int obviously.
In order to move the contents we next need to make an empty array of the same size and then iterate over the original array and properly copy the values to the adjusted index in the new array.
We then need to assign the new array back into the original variable.
What kind of for loop should we use? Why?
int [] numbers = {1,2,3,4,5};
int [] shifted = new int [numbers.length];
int shift = 8;
for (int index = 0; index < numbers.length; index++) {
shifted [Math.abs((index + shift) % numbers.length)] = numbers[index];
}
numbers = shifted;
for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num + " ");
}
3
4
5
1
2
Normal, we need the index.
Why are we using the % operator? The index used to access the numbers array in the code you gave wraps around to the beginning of the array when its length is exceeded thanks to the use of the % operator.
Popcorn hack #2
How would we code a left shift? Write a left shift using the variables below
String [] words = {"alpha", "beta", "gamma", "delta"};
int shiftWord = 2;
String[] shiftedWords = new String[words.length];
for (int i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
int newIndex = (i - shiftWord + words.length) % words.length;
shiftedWords[newIndex] = words[i];
}
gamma
Why should the array index be wrapped in a call to Math.abs? Even if the outcome of index + shift is negative, the calculated index will remain positive thanks to the Math.abs function. In this situation, Math.abs is used to manage situations in which the shift variable is negative and would produce a negative index.
Hacks
Scoring Guidelines:
- 0.2 for completeing each of the sub-unit hacks mentioned below.
- FRQ/PopCorn hacks will be graded AP Style
- 0.1 for having organized notebook with note taking when appropriate.
- Extra 0.1 for going above expectations for the hacks (being creative!)
6.1 HACK 1 FRQ (<5 min)
Follow the steps in the lesson to just make an array that has some relation to your project. Feel free to use the code examples we provided in your hack if you would like.
public class StudentGrades {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] grades = {85, 90, 78, 92, 88, 76, 94, 87, 89, 91};
double average = calculateAverage(grades);
System.out.println("Average Grade: " + average);
int highestGrade = findHighestGrade(grades);
System.out.println("Highest Grade: " + highestGrade);
int lowestGrade = findLowestGrade(grades);
System.out.println("Lowest Grade: " + lowestGrade);
}
public static double calculateAverage(int[] grades) {
int sum = 0;
for (int grade : grades) {
sum += grade;
}
return (double) sum / grades.length;
}
public static int findHighestGrade(int[] grades) {
int highest = grades[0];
for (int grade : grades) {
if (grade > highest) {
highest = grade;
}
}
return highest;
}
public static int findLowestGrade(int[] grades) {
int lowest = grades[0];
for (int grade : grades) {
if (grade < lowest) {
lowest = grade;
}
}
return lowest;
}
}
StudentGrades.main(null);
Average Grade: 87.0
Highest Grade: 94
Lowest Grade: 76
6.2 HACK 1 FRQ (<10 min)
Prime Numbers in an Array (5-10 min)
Create a loop to identify and print the prime numbers from an array of integers. Your loop MUST traverse through the given list. Some things to consider:
BONUS: Do this with a for loop AND a while loop
- Understand prime numbers and how to check for primality.
- Implement a loop and conditional statements to iterate through the array.
- Consider data storage (either displaying prime numbers immediately or storing them for later display)
public class PrimeNumbersInArray {
public static boolean isPrime(int number) {
if (number <= 1) {
return false;
}
if (number <= 3) {
return true;
}
if (number % 2 == 0 || number % 3 == 0) {
return false;
}
for (int i = 5; i * i <= number; i += 6) {
if (number % i == 0 || number % (i + 2) == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = {2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 23};
System.out.println("Prints prime numbers in the array using a for loop:");
for (int number : numbers) {
if (isPrime(number)) {
System.out.print(number + " ");
}
}
System.out.println("\nPrints prime numbers in the array using a while loop:");
int index = 0;
while (index < numbers.length) {
if (isPrime(numbers[index])) {
System.out.print(numbers[index] + " ");
}
index++;
}
}
}
PrimeNumbersInArray.main(null);
6.2 HACK 2 MCQ (<5 min)
Multiple Choice Questions
Do NOT Run the code cells. Try to do this on your own.
- What will be displayed as the output?
String [] list = {"red", "yellow", "blue"};
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
{
System.out.print(list[i].length()+ "-" )
}
- A. red-yellow-blue
- B. 3-3-3-
- C. 3-6-4-
- D. 3-6-
- E. 3-6-4
Write why you chose that answer! Everytime, in the for loop it would print that answer consecutively.
- The code below is meant to display every other number in the list numbers. Which of the following should replace the missing code in order to do this?
int [] numbers = {3, -4, 6, -7, 2};
for(/*missing code*/)
{
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}
- A. int i = 0; i < numbers.length/2; i++
- B. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++
- C. int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i+=2
-
D. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++
- E. int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i+=2
Write why you chose that answer! int i = 0 starts at the first element in the array, i < numbers.length just iterates until it is one number less than actual length of array, i++ just increments by 1
- (This one is a little hard) Which of the following would fix the code so that the elements in arr are reversed. Hint: try creating a list in your head and trace the code to see if the code accomplishes its goal.
public static void reverseArray(double [] arr)
{
for(int = 0; i < arr.length/2; i++)
{
double temp = arr[i];
arr[i] = arr[arr.length-1-i];
arr[arr.length-1-i] = temp;
}
}
| public static void main(String[] args){
illegal start of expression
- A. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length - 1
-
B. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length/2
- C. Change loop condition to: i < arr.length/2 - 1
In case you are having trouble with question 3 the answer is B. Write about why!
it correctly ensures that the loop iterates through the first half of the array, allowing for a full reversal of the elements
6.3 HACK
- Just finish the popcorn hacks throughout the lesson!
6.4 HACK
- Just finish the 2 popcorn hacks in the lesson!